| Notes |
- RESEARCH_NOTES:
1. Partial excerpt per formal report of the Latvian Archives prepared 28 Feb 2011 for Kerry Petersen; report includes photo copy of the original of the attached with the following interpretation by the researcher:
"The lists of merchant of Goldingen for 1868:
2nd guild merchants.
- Joseph, son of Lemchen Herzenberg, aged 59,
- his wife Zippe, aged 60,
- 1st son Laser, son of Joseph, aged 39, [KP. Lists wife and 9 children - see his notes.]
- 2nd son Jacob, aged 37, [KP. Lists wife and 6 children - see his notes.]
- 3rd son Elias Eduard, aged 30 (?),
- his wife Rebecka, aged 25,
- dau. Betty, aged 2,
- dau. Sahra, aged 1,
- daughter of Joseph - Hanna, aged 25, married to Abraham Herzenberg from Pilten. [KP. Summary report indicates the name Hanna is an obvious error for Theresa as shown on other documents.]"
2. Data from a copy captured of Peter Bruce Herzenberg's website of London, England, since relocated to South Africa (website is no longer functioning as of 7 Aug 2007). See more on his research and data in the notes of the earliest Herzenberg in this database. Source for this individual is HL for Leonardo Herzenberg; I am unsure what LS stands for. In regards to this individual:
Name variations: Edouard, Eduard.
HL 103/010 shows b. 1856, d. in Moscow, md. Renee Herzenberg.
HL 104
LS 176.
3. Courland (Kurzeme in Latvian, Kurland in German) is the historically distinct area of modern day Latvia bounded by the Baltic Sea to the west, Lithuania to the south, and the Dvina River (now Daugava) to the North. Its historic capital was Mitau (now Jelgava). It had ice-free Baltic ports with commercial and strategic importance. At its height Courland was a prosperous and cultured German-speaking Duchy. Courland was a separate Gubernia (Province) of the Russian Empire from 1797-1918. 50-60% of the Jews living in Riga just north of Courland had family roots in Courland. The names of the various towns have changed now that the area is part of Latvia (new-old as of early 1900s):
Aizpute-Hasenpoth
Jelgava-Mitau
Kuldiga-Goldingen
Liepaja-Libau
Piltene-Pilten
Talsi-Talsen
Ventspils-Windau
4. Archival Research Paper about Herzenberg Family prepared for Kerry Petersen 28 Feb 2011 and is report no. Nr. 3-P-272, 2816, 1927 N, by Latvijas Valsts Vestures Arhivs (Latvian National Archives), Slokas iela 16, Riga, LV-1007.
"The recruits' enlistment registers of the Jewish families belonging to Pilten for 1842, 1848, 1854, 1871, the revision lists of the Jewish families belonging to Pilten, set up on August 15 of 1851, the merchant's lists of Goldingen for 1868, 1874, 1875 contain the following information about Herzenberg family (we would like to draw your attention to the fact that very often the age of person was determined by their outward appearance and was stated in some documents rather approximately):
1. Joseph Herzenberg, his sons:
1.1. Elias, son of Joseph Herzenberg, born in ca 1774 (aged 68 in 1842), died on May 22 of 1844. His wife Chiene, born in ca 1780 (aged 62 in 1842). They had children.
1.2. Chone, son of Joseph Herzenberg, born in ca 1792 (aged 50 in 1842). His wife Schore, born in ca 1792 (aged 50 in 1842). They had children.
1.3. Lemchen, son of Joseph Herzenberg, born in ca 1779/1780 (aged 54 in 1834), died 1840. His wife Schore (the age is not stated). Their sons:
1.3.1. Levin, son of Lemchen Herzenberg, born in ca 1800 (aged 42 in 1842), died in 1867. His wife Dwaure, born in ca 1798 (aged 44 in 1842). They had children.
1.3.2. Elias, son of Lemchen Herzenberg, born in ca 1804 (aged 38 in 1842). His wife Blume (the age is not stated). They had children.
1.3.3. Laser (Leiser), son of Lemchen Herzenberg, born in ca 1821 (aged 21 in 1842, aged 27 in 1848, aged 33 in 1854). His wife Lippe, born in ca 1822 (aged 53 in 1875). They had children.
1.3.4. Jossel (Joseph), son of Lemchen Herzenberg, born in ca 1809 (aged 33 in 1842, aged 59 in 1868). His wife Zippe was horn in ca 1808 (aged 60 in 1868). The family of Jossel Herzenberg was registered in the petty bourgeois oklad in Pilten till 1851. In 1851 he with his family was registered as a merchant of 3rd guild in Piltene. Since 1862 and at least till 1877 Joseph, son of Lemchen Herzenberg and his family was registered in the merchant oklad of Goldingen (see merchants list of Goldingen for 1868). His sons:
1.3.4.1. son Ruben (Robert), born in ca 1826. His wife Emilie (Amalie), daughter of David Kahn, born in ca 1830. They had at least seven children, born in Mitau.
1.3.4.2. son Laser, born in ca 1829. His wife Amalie, born in ca 1834. In 1875 he was registered as a merchant of Goldingen. They had at least ten children. According to the 1st All Russian census for 1897 the family of Laser Herzenberg lived in Goldingen at Mitauskaya Street 11.
1.3.4.3. son Jacob, born in ca 1830. His 2nd wife Dorothea, born in ca 1845 (aged 23 in 1868), died in 1902. In 1899 he was transferred from the membership of merchant of Goldingen to the petty bourgeois oklad of Goldingen. In 1901-1906 he was registered as a 2nd guild merchant of Goldingen. Jacob had at least eleven children.
1.3.4.4. son Elias Eduard, born in ca 1838 (aged 30 in 1868, the age is illegible in the merchant's list for 1868). His wife Rebecka, born in ca 1843 (aged 25 in 1868). The marriage records of the Jewish community in Mitau for 1854, 1856-1868 do not contain information on the marriage of Eduard (Elias) Herzenberg, son of Jossel (Joseph) and Rebecka Herzenberg. The marriage records of Goldingen and Pilten have not survived. Their children:
1.3.4.4.1. daughter Betty, born in ca 1866 (aged 2 in 1868) (we suppose Elisabeth and Betty was one and the same person),
1.3.4.4.2. daughter Sara, born in ca 1867 (aged 1 in 1868) (we suppose Sara and Sonia/Sophia was one and the same person).
1.3.4.5. daughter Hanna (sic), born in ca 1843 (aged 25 in 1868). In the merchant's list there is a note that she married to Abraham Herzenberg from Pilten. [KP: This appears to be a recorder's error assigning the note about Abraham to Anna, b. ca. 1843, and not to the Anna's sister Therese, b. 1846.]
The merchant's list of Pilten for 1892 contain information about the family of Gerson Gerson:
-2nd guild merchant Gerson, son of Efroim (Froim) Gerson, born in ca 1832 (aged 22 in 1854), died in 1892,
-his wife Jette (maiden name is not stated) (one can suppose that Jette was a daughter of Joseph Herzenberg).
-son Robert Gerson, born on January 4 of 1859. His wife Libchen, née Koenigsfest, born in ca 1865,
-son Samuel Gerson.
In 1892 the family of Gerson Gerson was transferred from the merchant's oklad to petty bourgeois oklad of Pilten.
The records of the archives fond "Latvian Interior Ministry, Administrative Department, i.e. - the file on the naturalization of Therese Herzenberg, set up in 1924-1925, as well as the records of the archival funds "Collection of Passport of Riga Prefecture" and "Riga City House Registers" contain the following information:
Therese (Taube) Herzenberg, daughter of Joseph Herzenberg was born on November 10 of 1846 in Piltene (see her photos from the Latvian passports issued in 1925 and in 1928). According to the information in the file of naturalization Therese lived in Piltene till 1867, when she married to Abraham (Abram) Herzenberg, son of Elias, born in ca 1840 (the marriage records of the Jewish community in Mitau for 1865-1868 do not contain information on their marriage). (Obviously, Hana, daughter of Joseph Herzenberg, which was registered in the merchant's lists for 1868 and Therese is one and the same person). Since 1867 till 1902 the family of Therese Herzenberg lived in Jelgava at Katolu Street 18 in their own house. Abraham Herzenberg died on April 25 of 1900 in Jelgava. Since 1902 till 1905 she lived in Riga. Since 1905 till 1918 Therese Herzenberg lived in St. Petersburg with her children. During October revolution Therese with her son left for Finland and Berlin, and in 1924 she returned to Latvia. Therese had at least nine children, five of them lived in Latvia. Four children lived abroad. In 1924 Therese lived in Jelgava at Katolu Street 1, in 1925 she lived in Liepaja at Gimnazijas Street 4. Since April of 1926 Therese Herzenberg lived in Riga at Kr. Valdemara Street 33, apt. 38, since September 12 of 1927 in Riga at Kr. Valdemara Street 20, apt. 1. She died on April 4 of 1931 in Riga.
The records of the archives fond "Latvian Interior Ministry, Administrative Department," i.e. - the file on the naturalization of Leonard Taube and his wife Eugenia, set up in 1924-1925, as well as the records of the archival funds "Collection of Passport of Riga Prefecture and Riga City House Registers" contain the following information:
Eugenia Taube, daughter of Eduard, née Herzenberg, was born on April 28 (Julian calendar, Gregorian calendar - March 9) of 1878 in Moscow (her Soviet passport Nr. 29285/27283 was issued on July 22 of 1924 in Moscow, see her photo from the Latvian passport issued in 1925). She was a daughter of a Hereditary honorary citizen Eduard Herzenberg and his wife Rebecka, née Herzenberg. According to her Latvian passport Eugenia was a German, and her religion - Evangelical Reformed.
Her husband Leonhard (Leonard) Taube was born on January 27 (Julian calendar) of 1869 in Mitau (now Jelgava) (date of circumcision - February 3) (see his photo from the Latvian foreign passport issued in 1930). He was a son of a Hereditary honorary citizen of Mitau, pharmacist, merchant Robert (Ruben, Rudolf) Taube and his wife Henrietta (Jetta), née Jacobsohn. Leonhard Taube was baptized in the Evangelical Reformed church in Vilno (now Vilnius) on February 8 of 1904. For a long time Robert Taube was a member of Mitau town Board. In 1903 Leonhard Taube left for Moscow. He knew German, Russian and Latvian languages. Leonhard Taube had at least five brothers.
The marriage of Leonhard Taube and Eugenia Herzenberg was registered in Moscow and blessed by deputy superintendant, pastor of the Evangelical Reformed church Michail Yastrzhembsky on February 8 of 1904 in Vilna.
In 1920 Leonard and Eugenia appealed to Latvian Optation commission in Moscow for Latvian citizenship, they became the Latvian citizens on May 19 of 1921. However due to changes of the law of optation they were not recognized as Latvian optants.
On August 20 of 1924 Leonard and Eugenia Taube returned to Latvia. They had no children. They lived in Riga at Brivibas Street 2, apt. 13. In 1925 Leonhard and Eugenia Taube became Latvian citizens.
Since July 14 of 1932 they lived in Riga at Stabu Street 45, apt. 26 (previous address - Brivibas Street 2, apt. 14).
There is a note in the house register dated November 6 of 1941 that Leonard Taube died (date of death is not stated). There is no information that Eugenia moved to any other place, there is a note about reregistration at the same address dated November 8 of 1943.
REFERENCE: fund [fond] 630, inventory 2, files 392, pages 37, 38, 110, file 393,
fund 795, inventory 2, files 923, 897,
fund 2942, inventory 1, file 12772, page 116,
fund 2996, inventory 18, file 1788, inventory 7, file 13180,
fund 3234, inventory 2, files 16247, 15246, inventory 33, file 30528,
fund 5024, inventory 2, file 349,
fund 472, inventory 5, file 421,
fund 2706, inventory 1, file 244, page 669.
Enclosure: copies of the documents -9 sheets, scanned photos -3 sheets.
Poloveeva 76 61 40 08
Jelena.Polovceva@arhivi.gov.lv [researcher]"
KP Note: Attachments included per my description:
1. Image of revision list of Jewish families belonging to Pilten as of Aug. 15, 1851, showing oklad (tax) numbers: #362 Jossel Lemchen Herzenberg, his sons: #363 Ruben, #364 Laser, #365 Jacob, #366 Levin, and #367 Elias. Researcher includes interpretation comment: "They were transferred from the membership of petty bourgeois oklad of Pilten to the 3rd guild merchant of Pilten in 1851."
Note that incidentally on the same page separated by one large family grouping is another Herzenberg family who looks to be the original Joseph's son Chone/Elchanan with wife Schore and their sons and some grandsons. I am not sure of my deciphering the first two lines on the record, but the relationship that follows is clear:
[No oklad #] [Willman? perhaps something like "Children of"?] Schore Chone Joseph Herzenberg
[Their sons?]
#213 Jossel Chone Herzenberg
#214 Mendel Chone Herzenberg
#215 Elias Chone Herzenberg
#195 Gabriel Chone Herzenberg
His sons, #196 Levin, #197 Salomon, #198 Hirsch, #199 Heyman Itzig
2. Image and interpretation: "The lists of merchant of Goldingen for 1868:
2nd guild merchants.
- Joseph, son of Lemchen Herzenberg, aged 59,
- his wife Zippe, aged 60,
- 1st son Laser, son of Joseph, aged 39,
- his wife Amalie, aged 34,
- son Leonhard, aged 16,
- son Isack, aged 12,
- son Eduard, aged 9,
- son Moritz, aged 6,
- dau. Johanna, aged 14,
- dau. Rebecka, aged 12,
- dau. Rosa, aged 5,
- dau. Sahra, aged 3,
- dau. Dohra, aged 1-1/2
- 2nd son Jacob, aged 37,
- his wife Dorothea, aged 23, [KP: Report summary says she is second wife and marriage date is unknown. I estimate the two youngest children are hers and the older four are from the first marriage to an unknown wife.]
- son Abraham, aged 9,
- son Lemchen Leonhard, aged 4,
- dau. Fanny, aged 8,
- dau. Ida, aged 6,
- dau. Charlotte, aged 2-3/4,
- dau. Rebecka, aged 1,
- 3rd son Elias Eduard, aged 30 (?),
- his wife Rebecka, aged 25,
- dau. Betty, aged 2,
- dau. Sahra, aged 1,
- daughter of Joseph - Hanna, aged 25, married to Abraham Herzenberg from Pilten. [KP. Summary report indicates the name Hanna is an obvious error for Theresa as shown on other documents.]"
3. Image of "the Latvian passport of Eugenia Taube, daughter of Eduard Herzenberg, issued in 1925."
4. Image and interpretation: "The house register of Stabu Street 45. Apartment 26. Since July 14 of 1932.
- Leonard Taube, born on Feb. 8, 1869 in Jelgava, occupation - agent, previous address - Brivibas Street 2, apt 14, died, date of struck off the house register Oct. 6, 1841.
- Eugenia Taube, née Herzenberg, born on March 9 of 1878 in Moscow, Russia, occupation - housewife, previous address - Brivibas Street 2, apt. 14."
5. Image and interpretation: "The birth registration entry Nr. 13 in the birth records of the Jewish community of Mitau for 1869:
Leonard Taube, born on Feb. 3 (Julian calendar, date of circumcision) of 1869 in Mitau.
Father: (Rudolf) Robert Taube, a merchant.
Mother: Jette, née Jacobsohn.
The note: Leonhard Taube was baptized in the Evangelical Reformed church of Vilno on Feb. 8, 1904 with the name "Lenhard."
6. Image of "The Latvian passport of Therese Herzenberg, née Herzenberg, issued in 1925." Includes a couple of long pages of Russian not specifically interpreted but probably summarized by the researcher above.
7. Photos:
- "Therese Herzenberg, dau. of Joseph Herzenberg, b. Nov. 10, 1846, Piltene (1925)."
- "Leonhard Taube, b. Jan 27 of 1869 in Mitau (1930)."
- "Eugenia Taube daughter of Eduard Herzenberg, b. March 9, 1878 in Moscow (1925)."
5. http://gw.geneanet.org/chippaux1?lang=en&pz=christiane+marcelle&nz=irle&ocz=0&p=anne+lydie+virginie&n=buisson&oc=0&type=tree accessed 3 May 2016 gives date as 20 Jul 1899. Same contributor provided an image to me by email of the marriage contract which was uploaded to Family Search 7 May 2016. The information abstracted in the record shows:
Marriage dated 20 Jul 1899 at the Mairie (City Hall) of Paris 172 (75017) - Paris - Ile-de-France - France.
Tsefanio Joam Herzenberg, b. 25 Jan 1871 at Moscow, Russia, living there, adult son of Edouard Ossipovitch Herzenberg, merchant at Moscow, and Rebecca Ossipouva his deceased wife. The middle names of the parents mean either son or daughter of Joseph depending on the gender.
Anne Lydie Virginie Buisson, b. 29 Sep 1874 at Limeuil (Dordogne) without profession, residing at 28 Boulevard Péreire, adult dau. of Jean Célestin Buisson, deceased, and of Anne Nancy Lautrette his widow, without profession, residing at Mussidan (Dordogne).
The age of the married couple as well as publication of the forthcoming marriage were attested to by notaries and civil authorities in both Moscow and Dordogne. The couple signs the marriage record as L. Buisson and Juan Herzenberg. The bride's mother signs as N. Buisson. Jean Buisson, 29, brother, residing at the same location as Lydie is also mentioned. Other witnesses are mentioned but none of the names are family.
6. See FamilySearch for copy of 6 Feb. 1957 letter from Anutja (Herzenberg) Landau to Irene (de Lanskoy) Petersen. Anutja's residence 6 Blvd. d'Italie, Monte Carlo:
"Dear Irene,
I was very pleased to recive news from you. I was happy to here [hear] about you, your husband and children -- I think I could not given you more information of my familly, as your mother did; because she knew much more through her mother as she was the eldest and I was the one the youngest of our familly. -- The only think [thing] I know, that I am the only one which is in life, from all 7 sisters and two brothers. -- I am very sad that I can't help you. Do not forget me, I will be allways very glad to have news from you and your familly. My best regards to your husband and much kisses for you and your lovely children. Sincerely yours, Aunt Anjuta."
7. Manuscript in possession of Michael Landau of Monte Carlo as of 18 Sep 2023. Family history memories of Alice Landau also known as “Nikitina,” who was the sister of Vladimir Landau and the daughter of Anna Herzenberg. Translation is from French from two handwritten pages on one sheet of paper. Patrick Landau, Nikitina’s nephew, had asked her to write down what she recalled of the family history and descendants. The description is written after January 1970 because she writes that Constantin-Pierre died in January 1970. Editorial comments are [bracketed].
“[Page 1] My father’s side:
The father of my father was called Adolphe and he was born I think at Czenstohova (Poland) in 1830; he married around 1953 [misstated for 1853] my grandmother, who was named Régine. They had 4 sons and one daughter. The eldest son (1855) was Julien (Julian) born in Czenstohova who married Fanny Schaskolski, born in Riga in 1863 [handwriting garbled, may be 1865]. They had 2 sons: The youngest one Constantin-Pierre, born in Petersburg in 1893, married in 1912 with Miss Banzer had a son Youri (George) born in 1914 who is married and lives in Toulouse [France]. He had 2 sons. Constantin-Pierre remarried to Miss Tronsevitch and again another time [his third]. He died in Belgium in January 1970. The first son of Julien, Theodor was born in 1890. He married a woman from Vienna in 1943 and had a daughter. Theodor died in 1965. The second son of Adolph, Gustave was born in Czenstohova and went to the USA before the war in
1914. He had 7 sons and one daughter. I know 3 sons: Adam was born in Warsaw in 1892, Rom[?] born in Warsaw in 1894 and Walter born in New York in 1906. I don’t know the others. The third son, my father Maximilian was born April 1st 1870 in Czenstohova and died in Odessa in 1919 (added in between lines). He married Anne Herzenberg in 1899, born in 1978 [miswritten, 1878] in Moscow and had a daughter Alice-Régine [Nikitina] born in 1900 February 21st and Vladimir born in 1902 March 29 both in St. Petersburg. Vladimir, your father, married in 1945 with Miss Janine Regnard born in 1916 in Paris and you were born at Boulogne s/Seine [Boulogne-sur-Seine] September 5, 1945. The 4th son of Adolph – Stanislas was born in 1876 at Lodz. He was married to Miss Lidia ? and had 3 sons: John born in 1905, Bronislav born in 1907 and Anton born in 1914. Stanislas and Lidia were killed in Poland. Their sons were living in France.
The daughter of Adolph: Evelyn was born in 1878 at Lodz (Poland) and married a Russian general Avinovitzki in 1903. Both are dead, I don’t know where or when.
The only living parent [relative] that I know of is Nicolas Landau, antiquary in Paris who is the son of my father’s cousin. He is 80 years old and I think he can give more information on the Landau family!
My mother’s side:
The father of my mother was named Edouard Herzenberg. He was born around 1845 and died in 1910 in Moscow. He was married, but I think the name of my grandmother was Herzenberg too. She died in 1904 in Moscow. They had 7 daughters and 2 sons:
1) Sophie, the eldest born in 1863, married had 2 daughters Marie and Nadia. Nadia is dead and Marie lives in Moscow. She is married and has a married daughter, who has a daughter.
[Page 2]
2nd daughter Elizabeth born in 1865 in Moscow, married Adolph Werblovsky and had a daughter Catherine who married in 1913 Victor Buzkoy who died in England in 1945. Their son Arik was born in St. Petersburg in 1914, he is married to Julie and has a son and a daughter and lives in Malta. Catherine lives in Nice. Elisabeth died in Nice in 1950 and Adolph in 1938.
3rd daughter Hélène born in 1867 Moscow, married Ossip Offenbacher and had a son Lothar born in 1896. Hélène died in 1919 in Berlin and Ossip later. Lothar disappeared in Germany.
4th daughter Egenie [Eugenia] married Leon Taube from Riga and was born in 1876 in Moscow and died in 1930 in Moscow. No children.
5th daughter Lilia: born in 1877, died in 1897 in Davos.
6th daughter Anne: my mother born in 1878 married Maximillian Landau in 1898 and had 2 children Alice born on Feb. 21, 1900, and Vladimir March 29, 1902. Maximillian Landau died in Odessa in 1919 (January) and Anne died in 1961 in Monte-Carlo.
7th daughter Antoinette: born in 1885 and died in 1905.
1st son Ivan: born in 1870 married Lidia (French) in 1898 and had 3 children: Michel born in 1900, André born in 1901 and Susan born in 1903. Michel died in 1935, André lives in Moscow. Susan lives in Menton. Ivan died in Siberia in 1930 and Lidia too. André had a son and Susan married a Volant, a daughter Lidia married in Canada to an Austrian man. She has a son and daughter.
2nd son Paul: born in 1872 married to Natalie, one daughter. Lives in Moscow.”
BIOGRAPHY:
1. 28 Jul 2007 Http://www.herzenberg.net/leo/htmlrh/Content.html copyrighted by Leo Herzenberg:
"An meinen Sohn (To my son) Leonhard Herzenberg von (from) Robert Herzenberg. Memoirs written during the 1940's." Translated during the 1990's by Leonardo (Leonhard) Herzenberg. The entire memoir is quite lengthy and included in its entirety in my notes with Joseph Herzenberg, the original known ancestor, in this database. The following is only the portion dealing with this part of the family:
"Great Uncles on Mother's Side...
Great Uncles LEOPOLD and Edward I did not know. They lived in Moscow, were very wealthy businessmen, and did not come back to the old homeland any more. My father knew them very well, since once in a while he went to Moscow on business. Their family is shown on the bottom of (5). I never got to Moscow. First it was far, second such a trip was expensive, and third, as a Jew one could go to the main places of Czarist Russia only with great difficulty. More of that later. [66] "
2. The following undated paper was written late 1969 in Nice, France by Catherine Werblovsky Olympieff (also known as Ekaterina Werblovskaya Olympieva) at the request of Patrick Landau through his aunt Alice Nikitina. Patrick's father, Vladimir Landau, even though he was Catherine's cousin, had less knowledge on the family than Catherine. Catherine was the granddaughter of Edouard and Rebecca Herzenberg. The letter was written a couple of years before Catherine's death after she entered into an assisted care facility in Nice. The paper was recently found among personal items previously gathered about 1969 by her daughter Irene Nadia de Lanskoy Petersen. Portions of the letter were written in three languages: English, French, and Russian. Irene, in transcribing the letter, notes that the letter was hard to follow and to make sense of. Irene's transcription dated 31 Jul 2007 with her notes added in [ ]:
"What concerns the father and mother of our mother's: Mother's father: Edouard Ocipovitch Herzenberg [or Gerzenberg] Edward son of Joseph Herzenberg born: in Mitava [or Mittau] not far ___, Baltic Provinces - not far from Riga. He died at 76 years of age (had diabetes and malaria) from lung congestion after flu. His wife was his cousin.
Rebecca Herzenberg also married a first cousin. I am not sure of the name of her father; she died in Moscow when I was 6 years old (70 years ago). [Death would be approximately 1899?]
They were probably married in Mitawa and came to Moscow young, because all their children were born in Moscow. The eldest 1) Elizabeth 2) Sonja [or Sonia] (Sofia) mother of Manja or Mania who now lives in Moscow, who had a sister Nadja or Nadia who was born in Moscow. Sonia's husband was Adolf Schneider - son of Aaron Schneider - who had 3 more sons: Nicolas, Alexander, Serge and a daughter Elizabeth Schneider. She got married with Martin Behr (English nationality); they had two children and lived in Moscow. Mrs. Elizabeth Behr died in London (after the Russian Revolution she lived in France, later in England.) Her brother Adolf Schneider was a brother-in-law of our mother's of course.) [This is a repeat of the above.] The Behrs had 2 children. Elisabeth Behr died in London (probably her husband Martin Behr died before.) Mrs. Behr's daughter Olga died in London about a year ago [1968-69?], her brother George Behr still lives in London is married (has 1 daughter who is married too and has 2 boys, 8 and 7.
So my mother Elisabeth was the eldest daughter of Edward and Rebecca Herzenberg born in Moscow like her sister Sonia, the next sister Flora born in Moscow. Flora, married Joseph Offenbacher, had one son Lotar (my first cousin as well as yours). She, her husband, and son died in Germany during the war of Hitler (son Lothar). [Irene notes that another family account says that Lothar committed suicide on account of the war.] [His father] Joseph Offenbacher had an older brother Vasily [William or Wilhelm] Offenbacher who married a cousin of our mother's - Fanny, daughter of Abra[ha]m (whom all children of Edward Herzenberg used to call Uncle Abraham.) He was the husband of Grandfather Edward Herzenberg's sister Theresa. His family name was also like all: Herzenberg. Theresa Herzenberg had many children - daughter Fanny, sons Ludwig, Harry, and 2 other sons and another daughter Sophia married to another Herzenberg (all those marriages were between cousins) who had three children, Robby (Robert) who lives in Sweden and 2 daughters Clara and Roberta (died in Riga - Bolshevik Revolution). [I am not sure if Clara and Roberta are correct for this family grouping.] After Flora Herzenberg, the 4th daughter was my Aunt Anjuta [Anna Herzenberg-Landau]. Then there was another one Genga (Eugenie) married Harry Taube from Riga - were killed by Hitler's army. She was the 5th daughter of Edward Herzenberg. The 6th was Lilja [Lilia] (1st wife of Uncle Max Landau - died in Davos, Switzerland from TB.) Then was another daughter Milja, died very young (she was the 7th daughter). The youngest daughter Tonya [Tonia] died in Moscow. Then there were two brothers, the oldest Ivan (John) married a French young girl from Mussidan, Dordogne, France. She was daughter of the Mayor of that town. Died in the north of Russia where - she was sent sick and was sent with her to Mourmansk (north of Russia). Uncle Vanja's [Vania, Ivan, John all same name wife Lydia died there [note her maiden name was Lydie Buisson]. Uncle Vanja died too in Bolshevik Revolution. Their 3 children: Micha (Michel) died probably in Moscow; his brother Andrei (Andre) Herzenberg and Suzanne Hindzee (Herzenberg) - 1st husband (French) Volant. She has a daughter in Toronto married in Toronto (Alja [or Alice Nikitina] knew her) who has two children, boy and girl. The father's family name is A. [Albert?] Statter - wife Lydie (Suzanne's daughter) - son Albert. [Irene's note: last known address was 33 Stonegate Road, Toronto, Canada, M8Y-1V8; phone 416-251-6295.]
There was yet other families related to us through our mother's. It was a well known dentist. His name was Kovarsky. His wife was the cousin of our mother's. They had a lot of children - 3 brothers Misha (Michael), Leva (Leon), 2 daughters Choura (Alexandra). Chura who now is same age as Suzanne [Herzenberg Hindzee] - the only one alive. I forget the name of the eldest brother deceased. Manja (Mania) in Moscow knows more about that family. What was the name of the mother cousin of our mother's-probably it was yet another of the Herzenberg family. As Alja [Alice Nikitina] will be going to Moscow she will be able to find out more form Manja [Mania]. Then there was yet another family related to the wife of our grandfather through the husband or wife Idelson. There was a girl Lisa Idelson and her brother. I think that Manja must know something about them. They lived in Moscow. I used to go see them with my mother when I was about 8 or 10 years old.
Now George Behr has written from London thanking me for my sympathy condolences on account of the death of his sister Olga Behr. She must have been older than 78 years. he thought that his aunt on his father's side, Nina Karlovna died in Moscow, as well as his cousin Leija, but I think it is relatives on the side of his father Bahr, and the cousin is perhaps of the Schneider family (it is possible that the cousin is still living). All these people lived in Moscow.
Now what concerns the Packschwer family. The one that came to see you with the Vietnamese wife has passed away. His name was Julien Packschwer born in Vitebesk, Russia. He was 72. His younger brother Saveijn (Sahva) engineer in London named himself Packshaw, died in England 3 weeks before Julien, leaving a widow (2nd marriage) and 2 children. It was the death of his younger brother that caused reaction on Julien Packshwer. He died 3 weeks after him. He was found on a street in Nice, France with a cerebral hemorrhage-fell in the street. Police took him to the hospital St. Rock where he died at 19 hours in the evening and remained in a coma. His car 2 CV (small) stayed in the parking where he had left it. It was only his Vietnamese wife [Mado] returning from Saigon 1 month after his death that was able to retrieve that car from the parking. Yet another day or two, it would have been impounded. But as it was the widow herself then came. They did not charge her anything. But as the car was her husband's-she has to wait by inheritance law to be able to sell it and divide up in 4 parts to his children. The eldest son of another marriage Leon is an eye doctor in Paris, then 3 other children. Oldest Robert in Montreal, CA; another son in ___ was in the navy for 3 years. The oldest was in the Air force, married a girl from Morocco - they are going to have a child soon. The daughter Irene married, has a little boy, the husband is serving in the military; they live in Cayrons near Vence, France in the Packshwer house. The widow/mother Mado inherited ¼ of the sum, the children ¾ divided in 4 for each of the 4 children. Through a real estate in Vence, Julien's house of 1000 sq. meters is worth 18 million francs. If the children keep the house, they will in turn need to give on fourth of the cost to the widow who also has the right to half of his monthly pension of 30,000 francs. She came to see me day before yesterday and told me all these details. So here you have it-the relatives. The mother of the Packshwer father was 1st cousin of our mother's through the daughter of the sister of our grandfather Edward Herzenberg maiden name Theresa Herzenberg died in Nice, born I think in Mitawa [Mitau], Baltic Provinces. She was buried with her husband in Nice at the Caucade cemetery.
Now I add what George Behr wrote from London that his wife Janet has seen Aunt Anjuta [Anna Herzenberg] in Monte Carlo, then he wrote about his cousin in Moscow who he thinks has passed away (he is going to find out about it from Manja-he asked their address in Monaco). She was the daughter of the oldest sister Polina Aronovna of his mother. Here is what concerns that family... [Balance of letter missing]."
3. Konnor Petersen's hired researcher's translation for the marriage record of Max Landau and Lilly Herzenberg. The dual dates are due to the Gregorian vs. Julian calendar:
Image of record: https://www.szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl/en/jednostka/-/jednostka/12482325?p_p_id=Jednostka&_Jednostka_delta=1&_Jednostka_cur=99
Warsaw
Number 33, took place in Warsaw in the Office of the Civil Status Officer of Non-Christian Denominations of the Second District, City of Warsaw,
April 30/May 12, 1896, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, we hereby notify that in the presence of witnesses:
Szymon Front, 33 years old, manager of the Warsaw Synagogue, 7 Tlomacka Street,
Joseph Berenstein, 44 years old, private scribe, living at number 10 Dolga Street, Warsaw.
On April 30/May 12, they entered into a religious marriage, candidate of commercial sciences Maximilian Landau, single, 30 years old, living in the city of Lodz, Petrokovsky province, born on April 13, 1866, as can be seen from the presented birth certificate issued by the president of the city of Lodz. (Father - Adolf Landau, 61 years old; Mother - Yuzefa, nee Levi, 54 years old, living in the house at number 613 on Vertbova? street, Warsaw)
And Lilla Herzenberg, a 22-year-old girl living in the city of Moscow, born October 18, 1874
(as can be seen from the presented birth certificate, issued by the Moscow rabbi under number 343). (Father - Moscow merchant of the first guild Eduard Herzenberg, 58 years old; Mother Revel, née Herzenberg, 54 years old, living in the house at number 613 on Vertbovaya? street in Warsaw).
This marriage was preceded by 3 advertisements in the local Warsaw Bosznica? April 6/18, April 13/25, and April 20/May 1 of this year, and no one presented any obstacle to this;
The religious marriage was performed by the Spiritual Razmarin of the second district of the city of Warsaw.
We presented marriage certificates to the St. Petersburg rabbi dated March 14 of this year, number 424.
And the bride to the Moscow rabbi on April 15 of this year, number 344.
The act was read and signed by us, the Spiritual newlyweds and witnesses.
4. From Konnor Petersen, 13 Sep 2023: "I also saw an article that's located in a book in a library in Moscow that mentioned Eduard and his work with peat. It would seem that he was involved in a similar business to Adolf Werblovsky, the Landau brothers, and the other Herzenbergs that we found. I'll need to find a friend who can go look at it and request pictures for me."
5. From Konnor Petersen, 20 Sep 2023:
"I received this document this morning from the Russian State Library, with help from our cousin Sasha.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JMkZNxhxyrojRes2vQlCHZvHs7HwlExQ/view?usp=sharing
It is the charter of Eduard Herzenberg's Moscow Peat Heating Partnership. The first section is related to what permissions they had as a partnership, including the right to extract peat and to develop methods of peat heating for railroads, factories, and plants.
I haven't read the whole document, but I have looked through it. There is nothing of genealogical value, just the rules regarding shares, the board of directors, voting, etc. There are no names in the document other than Eduard Herzenberg's and the minister of finances'. It is interesting nonetheless.
300 shares were created, worth 1,000 rubles each, so 300,000 rubles was the initial capital of the partnership, about $5 million usd today. The charter mentions that the sale of shares are recorded in some other administrative book. It would be interesting to find that and see who the initial investors were besides Eduard."
6. From Konnor Petersen, 13 Sep 2023:
"I reached out to my friend, a native Russian living in Los Angeles, for help with the translation of the marriage record. He referred me to his uncle and aunt who both speak fluent English and live in St. Petersburg. His uncle Igor provided the translation of the marriage record for Maximilian Landau and Lilya Herzenberg. Igor did some additional searching online for our family out of curiosity. He found some additional information about Eduardo Herzenberg. Here is a direct quote from the article. It relates to a Jewish Society in Moscow that was formed shortly after the Pale of Settlement was disbanded, from what I understand.
"The Board of the Moscow Jewish Society was formed, which concentrated all the affairs of the community in its hands. The composition of this first board included: “candidate rights Vladimir Osipovich Garkavi [41], Moscow 1st guild merchant Handel Khishin, Odessa merchant Leizer Gornstein, Moscow merchant Samuil Manisevich, Nizhny Novgorod merchant Wolf Vysotsky[42], Kiev 1st guild merchant German Shmelkin, Nizhny Novgorod merchant of the 1st guild Movsho Rossiyskiy [43], Vilkomir 2nd guild merchant Mordukh Ioffe, Moscow 1st guild merchant Eduard Herzenberg, Mogilev merchant Samuil Daydulman, Moscow merchant Simcha Rosen.”
https://history.wikireading.ru/amp98146 -- It's a lot of reading.
Kerry's note: Eduard is only mentioned in this quote, but we can learn a bit more about the role that he would have had among the Jews in Moscow. It is reproduced here from Russian with a Google translation. It talks about the Courlanders arrival in the 1860s and of Jews of the First Guild of which Edouard was a member. It is the best rendition of the condition of Jewish life our Herzenbergs in Moscow:
Jewish Moscow by Hesse Yuliy Isidorovich. CHAPTER IV. 1856–1870
After the end of the Sevastopol War and the death of Nicholas I, the renewal of old feudal Russia began. A new reign began - Alexander II. If we measure “Jewish happiness” by the number of pogroms, then this reign must be recognized as the most “happiest” period in the history of Russian Jews, since during this reign there was only one pogrom, in Odessa in 1871. But this was the so-called “era of great reforms”, which, however, only affected Jewish life in one side, but still at least slightly refreshed the stuffy, unbearable atmosphere of the Nicholas regime, the regime of spitzrutens, torture, cantonists and slavery. In 1856, as stated above, the Moscow ghetto was abolished and Jews were given the right to settle throughout the capital. In the same year, the institute of cantonists was abolished. Other reliefs and some extensions of the right of residence for certain categories of Jews soon arrived. A small gap was broken in the dense wall of the Pale of Settlement - and representatives of labor (craftsmen, mechanics, brewers and craftsmen in general), trade (merchants of the 1st guild permanently, and the 2nd guild temporarily) and liberal professions (doctors, engineers, lawyers and in general, those who completed a course in higher educational institutions) were given the right to live throughout the Empire. This, of course, immediately caused a flow of immigrants from the western provinces to the central ones, including Moscow. It is well known what a social upsurge was felt in Russia at that time, what idealistic impulses swept through all layers of the then liberal society. Everyone was in a high, optimistic mood. The hopes and broad prospects of a near free democratic life inspired everyone. Jews, of course, did not lag behind this general movement. The Jewish intelligentsia, at the first rays of the sun of freedom, sensing the possibility of a more human cultural life, a freer material existence, rushed headlong into the alluring stream of a new life, rushed into the stormy waves of enlightenment and Europeanization. Everything that was more energetic and enterprising, talented and active, rushed headlong through the open gap from the Pale of Settlement, which had hitherto been walled off[36], and in almost all the cities of central Russia, significant Jewish communities of merchants and artisans quickly began to form , lawyers, engineers and other liberal professions. And the Jewish population of Moscow also began to grow and take on more organized forms. Already in the mid-60s, the Moscow community had grown so much that[37]. The population of the community was motley and at that time consisted of extremely diverse elements: there were Orthodox Christians who strictly adhered to the traditions and customs of the Jewish ghetto, but there was also a significant proportion of the intelligentsia, the educated merchants, who strived for enlightenment and Europeanization. In this motley mass, different groups began to clearly differentiate. First of all, as mentioned above, the “native Muscovites”, the so-called “Nikolaevskys”, the former lower ranks of the Nikolaev recruits and their descendants, and the “free”, newly arrived from different points of the Pale of Settlement. This last group included people from the western and southern provinces and immigrants from the Baltic region (“Courlanders”). There has always been more or less noticeable antagonism between these groups. “Nikolaevskys” considered themselves “indigenous” residents of Moscow, who bought their stay in Moscow at a very high price, at the price of sometimes unspeakable suffering and martyrdom during the horrific soldiering of the Nicholas era. And indeed, among them there were many people who went through the gauntlet of Cantonist torture and torment and many who suffered for the faith of their fathers. They therefore considered themselves, in some way, honored aristocrats and looked askance at the “free” new “newcomers” from Shklov, Berdichev and other centers of Jewish settlement. These latter, being more educated in every sense, richer and more active, for their part, looked down on the “Nikolaevskys”, who, indeed, due to their isolation from cultural life and the conditions of their military service, were intellectually and culturally much inferior. The very name of the only chapel at that time, “Arakcheevskaya”, showed the antiquity of the origin of the “Nikolaevskys” and justified their claim to the first role, which, however, they never managed to win. On the other hand, there was also some antagonism between the “Courlanders” and other people from the Pale of Settlement. The first, distinguished by their external polish and European manners, who had a good command of the German language and had tasted the fruits (though only external) of European civilization, looked upon themselves as the highest stratum of Jewry, and looked down on the rest... The Shklovskys, Berdichevskys and others bullied the Courlanders as “ignoramuses” who understand nothing of Talmudic wisdom and generally have little knowledge of Jewish sciences. But this antagonism, it must be admitted, was not so deep and strong as to prevent general unification when it concerned the general interests of the community. Unfortunately, the population did not have its own unifying center at that time, since the Arakcheevsky prayer house that existed in Zaryadye, a former ghetto, was poor and wretched in appearance, a cramped and meager chapel did not satisfy the requirements and demands of the new classes of Jewry, who were looking for new beautiful forms of worship in the spirit of Western European Jews and strived for broad social work. Meanwhile, everyone lived separately, there was no public, they lived exclusively by personal interests. Among the “Nikolaevites”, the poor sold old clothes on Tolkuchka or were engaged in other small trade; the more prosperous were artisans, mainly tailors, who worked to order and had shops for ready-made clothes. The “free” were mostly commission agents who purchased various kinds of goods, especially textiles, for the provinces. These latter lived without families, They lived, so to speak, with their bodies in Moscow, and with their souls in their homeland, the connection with which was very strong. They lived for a year, or even more, in the capital and only on Easter or autumn holidays did they go home to their family. Staying in Moscow was, so to speak, a day job. For years the “breadwinner” waited for the moment when he would have the opportunity to return to his relatives, from whom life had separated him. And great was the joy when these guests from distant Moscow, from the capital of “Rossei”, arrived in some Jewish town, loaded with gifts and things unprecedented in the remote province. The arrival of such a commission agent was a great event - and there was no end to the inquiries and questions. And indeed, at that time, in the absence of railways, such a journey was not easy: it lasted weeks and was fraught with various adventures. On the other side, in the absence of newspapers and generally any connections with the center, a living person who came from the capital represented a rich source of all kinds of information and had a significant effect on the mind and imagination of a provincial swamp, whose life was covered with thick mold. Having celebrated Easter and spent a few more weeks with his family, such a commission agent again set off on a long journey, having stocked up with all the documents that gave the right to temporary residence outside the Pale of Settlement. There were still very few permanent merchant residents in Moscow at that time. In order to finally settle with his family in Moscow, the merchant needed to become a Moscow merchant of the 1st guild, and for this, by law, it was necessary to first endure five years of experience as a first-guild merchant in the Pale of Settlement, which required a lot of money - about a thousand rubles a year. Of course, was available to very few. In addition, the law on the unconditional right of residence outside the Pale of Settlement for merchants of the 1st guild came out only in 1862, so merchants with 5 years of experience could only appear by the end of the 60s. Many of them therefore lived only temporarily - either as merchants of the cities of the Pale of Settlement (the 1st guild had the right to live for 6 months, the 2nd guild - 2 months), or as trusted merchants. But in addition to the “Nikolaev” and commission merchants, Jewish artisans quickly began to appear in Moscow, whom extreme poverty and unemployment in the Pale of Settlement drove to the capital. According to the law, they enjoyed the right of permanent residence, albeit conditionally, that is, subject to practicing their craft. This opened up a wide field for Jewish artisans, with whom the “devil” was swarming and in whom such a need was felt in the center. Jewish artisans decisively moved to the capital with their families, opened workshops and craft establishments, and very soon found a market for their products. Mostly tailors, seamstresses, furriers, jewelers and watchmakers settled in Moscow - and soon different Jewish workshops of furriers and jewelers appeared here and there, on different streets of Moscow. Since handicraft production was very poorly developed among the Russian population, and some industries (for example, linen and ready-made clothes) had absolutely no Russian representatives, in the absence of competition and great demand for handicraft products, Jewish artisans did very good things, gradually became richer and They even purchased houses in the capital. Many of them at the same time, being artisans, paid guild fees in their homeland, at the place of registration - and after 5 years they became Moscow merchants of the 1st guild, full citizens of the city of Moscow in the sense of the right of residence. The richest expanded their production to factory size and became factory owners. then, in the absence of competition and great demand for handicrafts, Jewish artisans did very good things, gradually became richer and even acquired houses in the capital. Many of them at the same time, being artisans, paid guild fees in their homeland, at the place of registration - and after 5 years they became Moscow merchants of the 1st guild, full citizens of the city of Moscow in the sense of the right of residence. The richest expanded their production to factory size and became factory owners. then, in the absence of competition and great demand for handicrafts, Jewish artisans did very good things, gradually became richer and even acquired houses in the capital. Many of them at the same time, being artisans, paid guild fees in their homeland, at the place of registration - and after 5 years they became Moscow merchants of the 1st guild, full citizens of the city of Moscow in the sense of the right of residence. The richest expanded their production to factory size and became factory owners. full-fledged citizens of the city of Moscow in the sense of the right of residence. The richest expanded their production to factory size and became factory owners. full-fledged citizens of the city of Moscow in the sense of the right of residence. The richest expanded their production to factory size and became factory owners. By the end of the sixties, the Jewish population was already so numerous and powerful that the idea of building a new house of worship (Jewish center) - for in the Diaspora, synagogues have always served not only as religious, but also cultural and national centers, since charitable institutions were also concentrated around them of all kinds, [and] educational; The Jewish house of prayer has three names: bet tefilah (house of prayer), bet midrash (house of learning) and bet hakneset (house of meeting). <…> Following the model of European synagogues with a good cantor and choir, with a rabbi-preacher in Russian (the spiritual rabbi was already in Moscow), this idea began to take real forms. But the construction of such a temple required a lot of time. Therefore, it was decided to temporarily move into a rented building, which was found in Spasoglinishchevsky Lane on Maroseyka, in Ryzhenkov's house. He was invited from Minsk to the position of public rabbi (“native”, as they were officially called) and preacher 3. Minor[38] , who later played an important role in the history of the Moscow community. He was a learned and enlightened man not only in a specifically Jewish sense, but also in a European sense. An expert in Jewish sciences, literature, history, he also received a rich secular education, knew European languages and had a good command of the literary arts. This was the father of two famous sons, the famous neuropathologist professor, now honored scientist L. S. Minor [39] and the famous revolutionary figure, the famous Socialist Revolutionary O. S. Minor [40], one of the heroes of the Yakut cause, who spent most of his life in prisons and hard labor, and was later betrayed by Azef. In 1917, during the time of Kerensky, he was chairman of the Moscow Socialist Revolutionary Duma. Count L.N. Tolstoy, as you know, took Hebrew lessons from Z. Minor, read the Bible with him and spent whole hours with the rabbi in conversations and discussions about religion, Christianity and Judaism. On March 8, 1870, the foundation stone of... the prayer house of the Moscow Jewish society took place. The newly invited Rabbi Minor gave a speech at this celebration, in which he expressed his joy on the occasion of such an important event, marking the achievements of the Jews. “By the will of God and by the grace of our august monarch, we are beginning to lay the foundation of the house of God, the house of prayer, the house of tears, the house of joy. But where? In the heart of Russia! The barrier that separated us, the children of Israel, from the heart of our homeland, the heart of Russia, has finally fallen, and from now on, by the grace of the monarch, without fear, without fear, openly and solemnly we will send our humble but warm prayers here... And if we rejoice at this event as a victory , then not as a victory won by us, the children of Israel, over anyone: the children of Israel are children of peaceful activity, we did not fight with anyone here, we did not defeat anyone, but we rejoice at this event as a victory of Russia over Russia, a victory of the best beliefs of light and religious tolerance over the darkness of fanaticism and superstition. And how can we not rejoice at this event when we are convinced that the strength, strength, glory, and greatness of our dear homeland depend precisely on... peaceful and lasting conquests... in the spiritual field of progress and tolerance. And how can we not rejoice at this event when we are convinced that all the present and future prosperity of our own people depends on the peaceful and lasting conquests of our beloved homeland in the field of light and progress. For if, as one poet puts it, the people of Israel form the needle on the political dial of Europe, i.e. that by the political and civil status of our co-religionists in a certain country we can judge the lowest or highest stage of political and civil development of a given country, then, applying this not so much poetic as true thought to our dear homeland, we answer the question “About countries, how many gone from the night. “Oh, how much has flowed away from the darkness,” they were always forced to answer with the words of the prophet: “The dawn has come, but there is also night.” These are the hopes for the “mercy of the monarch”, for the “victory of Russia over Russia” that Moscow Jews were inspired at that moment. Permission to have your own chapel... where? - “in the heart of Russia” - was then considered an “event”, “victory”, “conquest”. On July 1, 1870, the consecration of the new house of worship took place - and Rabbi Minor again said: “It is enough for us to remember that since the accession to the throne of our august monarch Alexander II, we have been steadily moving forward along the path of our civil adoption, and the shrine we have erected here is at the same time the most worthy monument to the blessings with which our august monarch has showered and continues to shower us.” This is how Moscow Jewry, enchanted by the monarch’s “good deeds,” thought and felt. But this enchantment will not last long. And the same Minor will soon speak a different language when he is convinced that these “benefits” and these “victories” were given to the Jews... Be that as it may, the new house of prayer was opened. The good cantor Bade was invited, and a good choir was assembled. Rabbi Minor received a platform and began delivering sermons in Russian. All this was new, interesting, and instructive for many. A center was created. A tangible, real connection was created between Jews who had previously lived separately, new interests, spiritual and social, began to emerge, people began to show themselves - future public figures of Moscow, who subsequently played a huge role for many decades not only in the history of the Moscow community, but also in the history of Russian Jewry at all. The Board of the Moscow Jewish Society was formed, which concentrated all the affairs of the community in its hands. This first board included: “candidate rights Vladimir Osipovich Garkavi [41] ,Moscow 1st guild merchant Handel Khishin, Odessa merchant Leiser Gornstein, Moscow merchant Samuil Manisevich, Nizhny Novgorod merchant Wolf Vysotsky [ 42] , Kiev 1st guild merchant German Shmelkin, Nizhny Novgorod merchant 1st guild Movsho Rossiyskiy [43], Vilkomir 2nd guild merchant Mordukh Ioffe, Moscow 1st guild merchant Eduard Herzenberg, Mogilev merchant Samuil Daydulman, Moscow merchant Simkha Rosen.” This list included only one representative of the “Nikolaevites” - the merchant Dubinovsky and one representative of the intelligentsia - Vl. Os. Garkavi. The remaining ten people belonged to the commercial and industrial class and ... [were merchants] of various guilds. This Board of the Moscow Jewish Society, headed by Rabbi Z. Minor, concentrated in its hands all concerns about the needs and interests of the community. In addition to a decent temple with very beautiful worship, it paid attention primarily to the education of Jewish children and, through the rabbi, began to petition for permission to open a Jewish school (“Talmud Torah”). This request was granted. Permission was given. But it's interesting how simply and uniquely such matters were resolved. This permission was given by a daily order from the Moscow Chief of Police, announced in the Police Gazette. There were no charter of the school, no programs, no rights of students - nothing, and the educational department did not even seem to have anything to do with this educational institution. Here is the original document, the, so to speak, whale on which this educational institution rested for 20 years: “Daily order of the Moscow chief of police, September 16, 1871, No. 259. Moscow public rabbi Minor, due to the fact that in the local capital Among the Jewish society there are a lot of orphans of both sexes and especially children in need of shelter and initial religious and moral education, in the month of March of this year. petitioned for permission to establish on the basis of Article 1074 Part 1 St. zak., under prayerful rule, located on Solyanka, in Ryzhenkov’s house, a shelter for the said children under the name “Talmud-Torah” and at the same time allow him to open a voluntary subscription for this purpose. Now the Moscow General Governor has notified that the board of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in consultation with the Minister of Public Education and in accordance with the petition of Rabbi Minor, allows the establishment and maintenance in Moscow, at the expense of voluntary donations, of an orphanage for Jewish children of both sexes under the name “Talmud Torah” (literacy school ), but so that this orphanage is educationally subordinate to the school authorities and that the Russian language is taught there.” As a curiosity, it should be noted that this order and this permission completely contradicted the then policy of the Ministry of Public Education in the field of Jewish school affairs. Co-education of boys and girls, the obligation to teach the Russian language in the Talmud Torah, the confusion of the “shelter” with the “literacy school” - all this ran counter to the formal law. But such is the power of any administrative order. The Governor General was V. A. Dolgorukov[44] , then an influential and strong man, and with his power he permitted what he considered necessary and useful, regardless of the letter of the law. On October 8, 1872, the school was opened and began to function quite successfully. From the surviving reports it is clear that for the first eight years, 530 students attended the school, and 64,408 rubles were spent during this period. 56 k. Among the students there were those who later occupied quite a prominent position, for example, the famous doctor of the Moscow zemstvo and the public figure Dorf. Thus, gradually developing and progressing, the Jewish community grew during the 70s. The authorities (Governor General Dolgorukov and Chief of Police Arapov) treated the Jews condescendingly and fairly - and Moscow Jews lived relatively well. True, after Karakozov’s shot and the explosion at the Kursk station when the Tsar returned from the war, the policy of Alexander II [45]swung back quite noticeably, but in Moscow the Jews did not feel this yet. In 1880, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the reign of Alexander II, the Jewish Society opened a vocational school with a fairly extensive general education course and various craft departments. With the highest permission, this school was given the name “Alexandrovskoe”, and the Moscow Jewish Society received the highest gratitude. Like the Talmud Torah, the legalization of this school was based on the following message from the office of the Governor General: “Office of the Moscow Governor General, Department 1, Table 2, Board of the Moscow Jewish Society, September 4, 1880 No. 48 481. Sovereign Emperor, according to the most loyal report on the proposal of the Moscow Jewish Society to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the reign of His Imperial Majesty by establishing a vocational school in Moscow with a request to name this school “Alexandrovsky”, He deigned to express his consent to this, at the same time ordering to thank the Jewish Moscow Society for its loyal feelings. It was considered necessary to notify the Board of the Moscow Jewish Society of this highest will for announcement of its affiliation. For the Moscow Governor General, Moscow Governor Perfilyev It was considered necessary to notify the Board of the Moscow Jewish Society of this highest will for announcement of its affiliation. For the Moscow Governor General, Moscow Governor Perfilyev It was considered necessary to notify the Board of the Moscow Jewish Society of this highest will for announcement of its affiliation. For the Moscow Governor General, Moscow Governor Perfilyev[46]" Thus, this period of the decade of the reign of Alexander II was a time of rapid development and growth of the community, which already had a decent house of worship, some educational institutions and an outstanding rabbinate in the person of such famous persons as Z. Minor and X. Berlin. The situation of Jews in Moscow was relatively good. The population increased rapidly, and its economic well-being grew progressively. How many people who came from “the devil”, without any means, one might say, soon became rich and became owners of large trading companies, factories and factories. There is no doubt that the Jewish population played a very significant role in the development of Moscow trade and industry, especially in the field of handicrafts. Some areas of production were first introduced by Jews. For example, trade and production of ready-made dresses, ready-made linen, which before the Jews were completely unknown in Moscow, grew and developed thanks to Jewish initiative. In a legal sense, the life of Jews at that time in Moscow was also, unlike other cities in Russia, relatively tolerable. The Moscow Governor-General, Prince Vladimir Andreevich Dolgorukov, was a Russian gentleman and aristocrat from head to toe. Thanks to his high birth (he descended from the Rurikovichs), he enjoyed great influence in the court spheres and the special sympathies of Emperor Alexander II. Gentle, well-mannered, he contained something of Famusov, and a little of the liberal ideas of the transformative era. Without particularly strong political convictions and a definite worldview, he preferred peace, “quiet and quiet” to any harshness and straightforwardness. Naturally, he was not particularly touched by the question of that whether there are a hundred or two more or fewer Jews living in Moscow, and whether everyone living there is armed with all the requirements of the meaningless legislation on the residence of Jews outside the Jewish Pale of Settlement. And he turned a blind eye to the presence of Jews in Moscow. Evil tongues said that his condescending attitude towards Jews was explained by his friendship with Lazar Solomonovich Polyakov[47] that this friendship was not platonic, that it was generously paid for by the Pole bank. There is no doubt that Prince Dolgorukov enjoyed the financial support of Polyakov. A man without means, he lived widely and often needed money, which, of course, the Polyakov house never refused him. But his attitude towards the Jews was in no way based on the principle of do ut des [48]. No, it was in his nature, in his Russian lordly-aristocratic and slightly liberal-humane nature, which was simply alien to the persecution of people not for crimes, but for some antediluvian and absurd laws specifically directed against them because they belong to to the Jewish nation and the Jewish religion. It also cannot be denied that many representatives of the Moscow administration occupied more or less prominent positions in numerous Poles' enterprises. So, ruler [49]In the office of the Governor General, Maine held a large post in one of Polyakov’s banks. And many civilian and military generals, under various plausible pretexts (in the form of members of commissions, boards, etc.) were i
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Chris & Julie Petersen's Genealogy
Abt 1838 - 1910 (72 years)
